The vast expanse of the English language stretches before us like an endless desert. As we traverse its shifting sands, we encounter linguistic oases—those tiny wellsprings of grammar that quench our thirst for understanding. One such oasis lies in the use of articles: those humble companions that guide us through the arid terrain of sentences. In this blog post, we’ll embark on a linguistic expedition, exploring the nuances of articles in British English. So, tighten your linguistic sandals and let’s navigate this desert together!

1. The Mirage of “The”

The Definite Article

• “The” is our trusty camel, carrying us across the dunes of specificity. It signals that the noun it accompanies refers to a specific entity—one we can point to, like an ancient temple rising from the sands.
• Imagine standing in the heart of the Sahara, gazing at “the pyramids”—those majestic structures that defy time. Here, “the” points to a particular set of pyramids—the ones in Egypt, not the inflatable ones at a child’s birthday party.

The Elusive “A” and “An”

• These two nomads—“a” and “an”—are trickier to pin down. They’re indefinite articles, suggesting that the noun they accompany refers to any member of a group.
• Picture yourself lost in the desert, stumbling upon an oasis. You see “a palm tree”—not a specific one, but any palm tree that offers shade and respite.

2. The Mirage of “A” and “An”

The “A” Mirage

• “A” appears when the following word begins with a consonant sound. It’s like spotting a distant mirage: you’re not sure what awaits, but you’ll take what you can get.
• For example, if you encounter “a camel” in the desert, it could be any camel—grumpy, spitting, or even poetic.

The “An” Mirage

• “An” emerges when the next word starts with a vowel sound. It’s rarer, like glimpsing an oasis shimmering on the horizon.
• Imagine stumbling upon “an oasis”—a blessed spot of water and greenery. The “h” in “oasis” is silent, creating that elusive vowel sound.

3. The Oasis of Exceptions

The Silent “H”

• Ah, the treacherous “h.” Sometimes it’s silent, like a mirage vanishing into thin air. In British English, we say “an historical event” because the “h” is hushed, like a secret whispered by the desert wind.
• But wait! Some insist on “a historical event”—a stubborn oasis that refuses to conform. Both paths lead to the same destination: clarity.

The Nomadic “H”

• Other times, the “h” stands tall, like a Bedouin guide. We say “a hotel” because the “h” is pronounced—a shelter in the linguistic wilderness.

4. The Quest for Consistency

The Mirage of Regional Variation

• Beware the shifting sands of regional variation! In American English, the “h” often stands its ground, leading to “a historical event.” But in British English, it’s a silent sentinel, beckoning us toward “an historical event.”

The Grammar Compass

• To navigate this desert, follow your grammar compass. Be consistent: if you choose “a,” stick with it across the dunes. If you opt for “an,” let it guide you to linguistic oases.

The or A?

So which is it … the or A? To recap:

The use of “the” or “a” in English depends on whether you are referring to something specific or something general.

“The” is used when you are talking about a specific object that both the speaker and listener are familiar with. For example, if you say “Pass me the salt,” you are referring to a specific salt shaker that both you and the listener can identify.

“A” or “an” is used when you are referring to any single, non-specific object. “A” is used before words that start with a consonant sound, and “an” is used before words that start with a vowel sound. For instance, “I saw a cat” means you saw any cat, not a specific one.

Here are some examples:

Use “the” when the noun is known to the reader: “The dog that bit me ran away.”
Use “a” or “an” for single, non-specific items: “I need a pencil.”

Remember, some nouns may not require an article at all, especially if they are uncountable or abstract concepts unless they are specified. For example, “Love is powerful” doesn’t need an article, but “The love I have for my family is powerful” specifies the type of love, so “the” is used.

Conclusion

As we emerge from this linguistic desert, remember that articles are our compass, our North Star. Whether it’s “the,” “a,” or “an,” they steer us toward clarity, helping us avoid grammatical mirages. So, fellow travelers, embrace these linguistic nomads—they’ll lead you to understanding, even in the most desolate of sentences.

Hi, I’m Emma

Here to help with that final polish before submission. Get in touch here.

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Introduction: The Grammar Grimoire

In the realm of linguistics, British English is like an ancient grimoire filled with enchanting spells—each word meticulously crafted with extra letters and unique pronunciations that set it apart from its American counterpart. This blog post will serve as your magical guide through the whimsical world of British English spelling and grammar. Via The Enchanting Spell(book).

Chapter 1: The Colourful Palette of British Spelling

The Alchemy of “U”

In British English, a mysterious ‘u’ often appears as if by magic in words like colour, favour, and honour—a linguistic flourish absent in American English. This extra letter is a vestige of Old French, a language that heavily influenced Middle English. Very cool!

The Conjuring of Double Consonants

Words like travelling and cancelled in British English bear an extra consonant, much like a spell doubled for extra potency. This reflects a preference for preserving the rhythm and pronunciation of the original words. Even if it’s annoying remembering which words have double letters, and which don’t. Fortunately, online dictionaries can help us out a lot.

Chapter 2: The Sorcery of Suffixes

The Transformation of “-ize” to “-ise”

While American English favours the suffix “-ize” in words like realize and organize, British English often opts for the softer “-ise” (realise, organise). This subtle shift is akin to choosing between a wand of oak or willow—each has its own charm and tradition. Exception: dictionaries like Oxford retain the Z in a lot of words, to acknowledge our linguistic heritage. And it’s perfectly okay to mix -ise and -ize words, just be sure to spell them all consistently across your document (e.g., minimise and organize).

The Enigma of “-re” and “-er”

The British spellings centre and metre are like words viewed in a mirror, reflecting the French influence on the language. So, across the pond, the mirror is flipped to center and meter, aligning with their Latin origins.

Chapter 3: The Grammarian’s Spellbook

The Casting of Articles

Articles in British English—the, a, and an—are like the basic spells in a wizard’s arsenal. They may seem simple, but their proper use can make the difference between a spellbinding sentence and a grammatical hex.

The Charm of Collective Nouns

British English treats collective nouns, such as team or staff, as plural entities, capable of actions that ripple across the grammatical ether. This differs from the singular treatment often seen in American English.

Chapter 4: The Potion of Punctuation

The Elixir of the Oxford Comma

The Oxford comma, that final comma before the conjunction in a list, is more commonly used in American English. In British English, it’s like a potion used sparingly, only when it clarifies the meaning of a sentence. We could use the same rule for all punctuation, less is sometimes more. However, opinions differ.

The Quill of Quotation Marks

American English, opts for double quotation marks and places punctuation within the quotation. British English prefers single quotation marks for direct speech, with punctuation placed outside the closing mark—a delicate touch like a feather’s stroke. However, as you can see, I’ve gone against that rule in this article by using double quotation marks. Consistency is key with some publishing housing preferring double to single marks these days. Also, at school I remember being taught to use double marks, later single, and now double seems to be creeping back in. How confusing is that!? The Enchanting Spell(book) continues …

Chapter 5: The Grammar Enchantment

The Incantation of Irregular Verbs

British English maintains many irregular verb forms, casting them with a traditional flourish that adds depth and history to the language (e.g., burnt, learnt), forms which as they are being used less and less I like to keep in my writing to support this heritage. American English, in its quest for simplicity, often regularizes these verbs.

The Spell of Spelling Consistency

Despite the quirks, British English values consistency in spelling and grammar. It’s like a magical ward that protects the language from the chaos of confusion.

Conclusion to The Enchanting Spell(book): The Wizardry of Words

As we close the book on our magical tour of British English, we are reminded that language is not just a tool but an art form—a tapestry woven with the threads of history, culture, and tradition. Whether you prefer the colourful or the colorless, the travelled or the traveled, embracing the quirks of British English spelling and grammar is to appreciate the magic of language itself. If you wish to delve deeper into the arcane knowledge of grammar and spelling, remember that practice is key. May your linguistic journey be as bewitching as the words you weave!

I’m Emma

Here to help with your grammatical needs. As an introvert haunting the corners of storytelling festivals, it’s incredibly difficult to track me down. I’m best known for writing Scottish fiction about working-class women and communities and their misrepresented lives. You can find my recent book A Gypsy’s Curse here.

Proper grammatical usage ensures that key points travel effortlessly to the reader’s mind.

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Welcome, dear Time Traveller.

Thank you for the photo to https://pixabay.com/photos/pink-gifts-boxes-presents-553149/

Introduction: The Time Machine of Grammar

Imagine stepping into a linguistic time machine, where the gears and levers are made up of tenses and conjugations. In this journey, we’ll explore the present perfect tense—a tense that, like a time machine, has the unique ability to link the past with the present. British English, with its rich history and global influence, offers a distinctive perspective on the use of the present perfect tense.

1: The Present Perfect Portal

Opening the Door to the Past and Present

This tense in British English serves as a portal between what has happened and what is relevant now. It’s formed with the auxiliary verb “have” and the past participle of the main verb. For example, “I have travelled through time.”

The Continuum of Experience

This tense is often used to express experiences that have occurred at an unspecified time in the past but are connected to the present. “She has visited many epochs, from the Jurassic to the Renaissance.”

2: The British Time Signature

The Unseen Clock of Usage

In British English, the present perfect tense carries a time signature that beats differently than in other dialects. It emphasizes the result of an action rather than the action itself. “The time traveller has lost her map.”

The Lingering Presence of the Past

The present perfect can also suggest that an action, while started in the past, continues into the present or has an effect on the current moment. “We have always spoken this way.”

3: The American Divergence

The Past Simple Intersection

In American English, there’s a tendency to use the past simple where British English would use the present perfect: “I lost my map” instead of “I have lost my map.”

The Specificity of Time

American English often prefers the past simple when a specific time is mentioned, even if it’s understood from the context. “Did you see her last week?” as opposed to “Have you seen her last week?” This dropping of “have” is also a less formal mode of expression.

4: The Temporal Paradoxes

The Now and Never of “Yet” and “Already”

Words like “yet” and “already” create temporal paradoxes that the present perfect tense navigates with ease. In British English, “I haven’t finished yet” implies the action may still be completed, while “I have already finished” confirms its completion.

Echoes of “Just”

“Just” is another time-bending adverb that finds a natural home in the present perfect tense. “He has just arrived” suggests the action occurred a moment ago and its effects are still felt.

5: A Global Odyssey

Across the Commonwealth, the present perfect tense shines like a constellation, guiding English speakers through the nuances of time. “Have you eaten?” might be heard in London, Delhi, or Sydney, each with its own local flavour.

The Expanding Universe of English

As English continues to evolve globally, the present perfect tense adapts, influenced by the gravitational pull of other dialects and languages. “They have learnt English” could mean different things in different parts of the world.

6: The Future

The Predictive Powers of Grammar

The future of the present perfect tense in British English is as uncertain as time travel itself. Will it hold its ground or will it yield to the simplicity of the past simple?

Language purists strive to preserve the present perfect tense, much like historians preserve artefacts. It’s a grammatical treasure that connects us to the past and enriches our expression.

Conclusion: The Present Perfect Journey

Our time-travelling expedition through the present perfect tense reveals the beauty and complexity of British English. It’s a tense that defies the constraints of time, linking moments across the continuum of experience. As we step out of our linguistic time machine, we carry with us a deeper appreciation for the subtleties of grammar and the ways it shapes our understanding of time and language.

About Emma

When she’s not helping other’s polish their prose, Emma’s an introvert haunting the corners of storytelling festivals. So, it’s incredibly difficult to track Emma down. She’s best known for writing Scottish fiction about working-class women and communities and their misrepresented lives.You can find her recent book A Gypsy’s Curse here.

Tel: 07837533051

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Evolution doesn’t just apply to us ‘forest living walking talking beings who lost their fur’, the term also applies to the evolution of language.

Introduction

Language, like a river, flows through time, carving its path across centuries and continents. British English, with its rich tapestry of influences, has undergone a fascinating evolution. In this blog post, we’ll embark on a linguistic adventure, tracing the historical development of grammar rules in British English. Buckle up, fellow language enthusiasts, as we ride through the ages!

1. Old English: Germanic Roots

Our journey begins in the misty past, around 450 CE, with Old English. Picture a landscape dotted with mead halls, where warriors recite epic poems. Old English was a synthetic language, akin to modern German, boasting three genders, flexible word order, a robust case system, and intricate verb morphology¹. But winds of change were blowing.

2. Middle English: The Great Transformation

By the Middle English period (around 1100 to 1500 CE), the language had morphed. What caused this shift? External influences! Waves of contact with other languages—Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian, and later French—reshaped English. The Vikings arrived, leaving their mark on place-names and dialect vocabulary. The once-synthetic language became analytic, with fixed word order and fewer inflections¹. Imagine Chaucer’s tales echoing through medieval streets.

3. The Celtic Connection

The Brittonic Celtic languages—Welsh, Cornish, and Cumbrian—played a pivotal role. As the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes settled in Britain, the indigenous population shifted to English. Intensive contact led to restructuring, simplifying morphosyntax. Goodbye, grammatical gender; hello, streamlined inflections¹.

4. The French Influence

In 1066 CE, the Norman Conquest brought French to England. French loanwords flooded in, enriching English vocabulary. Words like “cuisine,” “ballet,” and “champagne” waltzed into our lexicon. French influence extended beyond vocabulary—it affected syntax, too. The prescriptive grammar of the time emphasized correctness, aligning with French norms².

5. Renaissance and Latin

The Renaissance sparked renewed interest in classical learning. Latin, the language of scholars, seeped into English. Grammar rules were influenced by Latin models. Lindley Murray, a grammarian of the early 19th century, even cited “grammatical authorities” to distinguish English cases from Ancient Greek or Latin³.

6. Modern English: A Global Melting Pot

Fast-forward to today. English, a global lingua franca, borrows from over 300 languages. It’s an insatiable borrower, welcoming foreign words with open arms. From Dutch (“landscape”) to Hindi (“bungalow”), our lexicon is a vibrant mosaic. Accents, once aids to reading, now evoke nostalgia in words like “naïve” and “résumé”⁴.

Conclusion: A Living Tapestry

British English’s evolution of language is a testament to its resilience. It absorbs, adapts, and thrives. So, next time you sip your “espresso” while pondering Old English runes, remember that language is a living tapestry, woven by countless hands across time and space.

And there you have it—a glimpse into the fascinating journey of British English grammar. From mead halls to global communication, each twist and turn shapes our linguistic landscape. So, fellow travellers, let’s continue exploring the ever-evolving world of words! 

About Emma

As an introvert haunting the corners of storytelling festivals, it’s incredibly difficult to track Emma down. She’s best known for writing Scottish fiction about working-class women and communities and their misrepresented lives. You can ask for writing help here, or find her recent book A Gypsy’s Curse here.

Emma Parfitt, February 6th 2019.
© Helen Pugh Photography
Tel: 07837533051

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Yeehaw! Welcome to the linguistic frontier of British English, where the rules of grammar are as wild and untamed as the Wild West itself. In this deep dive, we’ll saddle up and explore the complexities of preposition usage, lassoing common phrases and idiomatic expressions along the way. So, grab your hat and join us on this rodeo of words!

1: The Lay of the Land – Understanding Prepositions

Before we venture further, let’s set up camp and get a lay of the land. Prepositions are the trusty steeds of language, carrying meaning across the plains of sentences. They tell us where, when, and how things in the sentence relate to each other, much like a map guides a cowboy through the desert.

2: At the Saloon – Common Prepositional Phrases

Every cowboy knows the importance of a good saloon. Similarly, every English speaker should know their prepositional phrases. We’ll visit the ‘At’, ‘By’, and ‘With’ saloons, where the drinks are poured as commonly as these prepositions are used.

3: High Noon – Prepositions of Time

When the clock strikes noon, it’s time for a showdown. In language, timing is everything, and prepositions of time are the quick-draw duelists of grammar. We’ll stare down the barrels of ‘at’, ‘on’, and ‘in’ as they battle for temporal supremacy.

4: Across the Prairie – Prepositions of Place

The prairie is vast, and so is the range of prepositions that describe location. From ‘above’ the mountains to ‘below’ the mines, we’ll track down the most elusive prepositions of place.

5: Riding the Range – Prepositions of Movement

A cowboy’s life is always on the move, and so are prepositions of movement. We’ll ride alongside ‘through’, ‘across’, and ‘along’, herding them through the sentences like cattle on the open range.

6: The Gold Rush – Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions

The Wild West was all about the Gold Rush, and in British English, idiomatic expressions are the nuggets of gold. We’ll pan the streams of conversation for idiomatic expressions that enrich our language.

Conclusion

As the sun sets on our Wild West adventure, we’ve corralled a wealth of knowledge about prepositions in British English. Like a cowboy’s journey, language is a constant exploration, and we hope this guide has been a trusty companion on your trail.

About Emma

When not helping trusty trail companions polish their boots, well prose, Emma’s an introvert haunting the corners of storytelling festivals. It’s incredibly difficult to track Emma down. She’s best known for writing Scottish fiction about working-class women and communities and their misrepresented lives. You can find her recent book A Gypsy’s Curse here.

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The English language is a fascinating tapestry of rules, exceptions, and idiosyncrasies. One such quirk lies in the choice between using “a” or “an” before certain words. In this blog post, we’ll explore the nuances of this decision, focusing on words beginning with the letter “h.” Buckle up as we dive into the historical depths of grammar.

The Basic Rule

Before we delve into specifics, let’s revisit the fundamental rule: “a” precedes words that begin with a consonant sound, while “an” comes before words with a vowel sound. Seems straightforward, right? Well … not quite.

The “H” Dilemma

Ah, the letter “h.” It’s a sneaky fellow, capable of playing both sides. Let’s examine three common scenarios:

1. Historical

“Historical” begins with an “h” but has a vowel sound (think of it as “istorical”). Therefore, we say “an historical event.” However, this usage is waning, and many now prefer “a historical event.” Both are acceptable, but consistency matters across your document as this indicates to the reader that you have made a conscious choice of one version over the other.

2. Historian

“Historian” starts with an “h” that produces a consonant sound. Hence, we say “a historian.” No debate here!

3. History

“History” begins with an “h” but has a vowel sound (try saying it aloud). Thus, we opt for “an history lesson.” Again, some prefer “a history lesson.”

Regional Variations

Hold on, there’s more! Regional variations spice up the mix. In British English, the “h” in words like “historical” and “history” tends to be silent, reinforcing the “an” usage. Meanwhile, American English leans toward “a” in these cases.

Exceptions and Context

• “An hour”: Here, the “h” is silent, so we say “an hour.”
• “A hotel”: The “h” in “hotel” is pronounced, so it’s “a hotel.”

Conclusion

Navigating the “a” vs. “an” conundrum can be perplexing, especially when the “h” throws a curveball. Remember the basic rule, consider regional variations, and stay consistent. Whether you’re a history buff or a budding linguist, mastering this quirk adds a touch of elegance to your language skills. Happy grammaring! 

About Emma

As an introvert haunting the corners of storytelling festivals, it’s incredibly difficult to track Emma down. She’s best known for writing Scottish fiction about working-class women and communities and their misrepresented lives. You can find her recent book A Gypsy’s Curse here.

Otherwise Emma is helping others improve their books and theses.

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How can I help?

I have helped businesses, such as universities and translation companies, and individuals to check subtitles and scripts beforehand. As a native-English speaker I have helped them to check the following points:

• ensure the English sounds natural,
• no grammar or punctuation errors,
• that the text matches what the people are saying.

Especially enjoyed helping people who have created documentaries check for errors and ensure they give their audience a good impression.

An example of a TV series

In a moment like this one on the tv show Love is Blind (Japan):

script and subtitle proofreading

It would be a shame for the focus to be on a typo. Or to confuse the readers of subtitles between who is speaking. Imagine a name typo, or special word in Japanese is incorrectly typed (as I research key terms and check consistency of these) or translated.

I don’t need to tell you that small errors make a big audience impact. Yet it’s part of my job to mention that here.

Jumping in at the start of a project I can also find early errors in scripts and subtitles before they are applied to the program and reach a more expensive point to correct. I have also read over subtitles for meaning (once for an Italian detective series that needed English subtitles).

Who is Emma Parfitt?

Emma Parfitt is a proofreader with 18 years of writing experience with businesses, academics and creative writers. She obtained a Creative Writing MA (St Andrews University) and a PhD in Storytelling (Warwick University). Then set up her own proofreading business and became a published author of fiction as well as academic literature such as Young People, Learning & Storytelling (Palgrave Macmillan).

Get in touch for all script and subtitle proofreading services here!

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Maybe (as an adverb)

When used as an adverb (a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group) ‘maybe’ is written as one word. Use it when you want to say perhaps something will happen.

Maybe I won’t go to the cinema today because it is raining.

Maybe he should see a doctor.

Maybe (as a noun)

When used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action that probably will happen, then maybe becomes a noun and is written as one word.

There are so many maybes involved in playing the stock market.

May be (as a modal verb)

It is rarer to use may be as two separate words. In this case it is a modal verb which means that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.

The word is also used in this sense when you want to refer to something that could happen or that might exist (but nothing is certain yet).

May be Prince William will become king before Prince Charles.

Quick tip to get it right:

Use maybe in all cases. The one exception is that if you can substitute maybe for could be or might be in the sentence, then it should be written as two separate words.

World’s most intelligent? UK girl achieves highest possible IQ score, may be brainier than Einstein, Hawking (The Indian Express)

Get in touch here if you’d like proofreading help with your writing.

Who is Emma?

Emma is a proofreader with 18 years of writing experience with businesses, academics and creative writers. She obtained a Creative Writing MA (St Andrews University) and a PhD in Storytelling (Warwick University). Then set up her own proofreading business and became a published author of fiction as well as academic literature such as Young People, Learning & Storytelling (Palgrave Macmillan).

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As someone who had been testing out Grammarly’s services for a few months, … nothing the company does could allay its true underlying problem: its services just aren’t that good.

…many of the “fixes” in Grammarly’s advertisements are either unhelpful or actively wrong. For example, in the sentence, “Let’s suppose you’re writing a really important email to a colleague,” the program proposes a variety of alternatives to the phrase “really important.” While blanket injunctions are almost always absurd, the impulse here is understandable (weak modifiers such as really sometimes feel out of place in formal prose), but Grammarly goes even farther than the strictest writing instructor ever would.

Continue reading Jacob Brogan’s article here.

If you’d rather hire a proofreader, check this out.

Who is Emma?

Emma is a proofreader with 18 years of writing experience with businesses, academics and creative writers. She obtained a Creative Writing MA (St Andrews University) and a PhD in Storytelling (Warwick University). Then set up her own proofreading business and became a published author of fiction as well as academic literature such as Young People, Learning & Storytelling (Palgrave Macmillan).

L’article Grammarly: its services just aren’t that good. est apparu en premier sur Emma Parfitt Proofreading Editing Services.

When to use who

If you can replace the word with ‘he’ or ‘she’ then use who.
Example: It is written by a practicing manager and entrepreneur who knows firsthand how painful it can be to start and manage a business. (She knows firsthand.)

When to use whom

If you can replace the word with “him” or “her,” use whom. Who should be used to refer to the subject of a sentence. There are some more complex situations involving ‘they’ which I’ll address in a moment.
Example: He is the consultant whom we contacted for feedback on the project with the compamy Analytica. (We contacted him.)

The grammar bit

According to strict grammar rules, we use who to replace a subject (he/she) in a sentence, and whom to replace an object, and after a preposition (after, in, to, on, and with)

Example: I’m going with Roger, with whom are you going?

Of course, we no longer speak like this, so ‘Who are you going with?’ will suffice… Unless you are having lunch with the queen.

What about more complex sentences in formal writing? Consider this example:

Philip has strongly berated Paul [who/whom] has enjoyed hurling mud pies in business meetings.

Should it be who or whom?

A simple trick is to think about what the replacement represents. ‘Who/whom’ refers to one of the characters in a business meeting (Paul). A ‘he’, and also ‘the subject’ of the sentence. In those two things (he & subject) we have our clue. The correct sentence is:

Philip has strongly berated Paul who has enjoyed hurling mud pies in business meetings.

Or thinking of it another way (more correctly!). The highlighted word is linking one clause to another: Philip telling Paul off for hurling mud pies.

Which of these is correct?

The man whom you met yesterday is coming to the business conference.

Bob, the man who you met yesterday is coming to the business conference.

Trevor, the man that you met yesterday is coming to the business conference.

Trick question as they are all correct. Wait a minute! I’ve just used both who and whom before you?! Think of it as a quirk of the language: one is correct in formal writing (whom) the other informal situations (who), and the third example works in all cases (that).

Whom and quantities

In one specific context whom seems obligatory: when it is preceded by quantifiers such as all of, both of, few of, many of, several of, etc. For example:

The Millennium Stadium accommodates 72,500 spectators, all of whom are seated.

Although strict grammarians may love this use, it sounds old fashioned to most ears. Better to write it in another way: The Millennium Stadium seats 72,500 spectators.

Sentences can often be re-written to avoid using who/whom.

Any time you get confused and the two simple rules of replacing he/she with who and his/her with whom, then try rewriting the sentence to make it more precise. Business writing should be straight to the point and clear.

Who is Emma?

Emma is a proofreader with 18 years of writing experience with businesses, academics and creative writers. She obtained a Creative Writing MA (St Andrews University) and a PhD in Storytelling (Warwick University). Then set up her own proofreading business and became a published author of fiction as well as academic literature such as Young People, Learning & Storytelling (Palgrave Macmillan).

Get in touch here for help with your writing.

You can also read more about who/whom here.

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